The 4D Model of Disinformation Campaigns

In this step, Ben Nimmo, Director of Investigations for network analysis firm Graphika, outlines his 4D model of predicting disinformation:

• Dismiss: if you don’t like what your critics say, insult them.
• Distort: if you don’t like the facts, twist them.
• Distract: if you’re accused of something, accuse someone else of the same thing.
• Dismay: if you don’t like what someone else is planning, try to scare them off.